PIPELINE EXPLOSION and FIRE PHASES
By Lauren Ragland
E.3 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS
FOR HAZARDOUS LIQUID
PIPELINE RELEASES WITH IGNITION
- Release event phases
- Formula for discharge “spill” volume
- Computing Heat Flux
NOTE on gas lingo:
“Ignition”= explosion and fire
“Mitigate” = to lessen the effects, to make something less severe, harmful or painful.
Hazardous liquid pipeline release events are subdivided into four sequential phases –
(1) Detection Phase
(2) Continued Pumping Phase
(3) Block Valve Closure Phase
(4) Pipeline Drain Down Phase.
The total discharge volume equals the sum of the volumes released during each phase.
Following a guillotine-type break in a hazardous liquid pipeline and ignition of the released hydrocarbon onto level ground, a pool fire begins to form and continues to increase in diameter as liquid flows from the break.
Eventually, the pool reaches an equilibrium diameter when the mass flow rate from the break equals the fuel mass burning rate.
The fire will continue to burn until the liquid that remains in the isolated pipeline segments stops flowing from the pipeline.
The effectiveness of block valve closure swiftness on limiting the spill volume of a release is influenced by:
- the location of the block valves relative to the location of the break
- the pipeline elevation profile between adjacent block valves,
and the time required to close the block valves after
the break is detected and the pumps are shut down.
SPILL VOLUME
The volume of liquid spilled during the detection
and continued pumping phases is unaffected by block valve closure swiftness because the block valves are open from the time the break occurs until the end of the block valve closure phase.
However, the total spill volume is reduced by rapidly detecting the break and take break and taking immediate
corrective actions including shutting down the pumps and closing the block valves.
The effectiveness of block valve closure swiftness in mitigating potential fire consequences of a liquid propane release from a hazardous liquid pipeline with ignition was evaluated using the
following methodology.
·
COMPUTING HEAT FLUX
Compute heat flux versus time data for hypothetical release scenarios involving
8-in. and 36 in. nominal diameter propane pipelines with different elevation profiles
operating at 400 and 1,480 psig with block valve closure at 13 minutes and 70
minutes after the break.
· Use the heat flux versus time data to prepare separation distance (radius from
break) versus time plots for specific heat flux thresholds.
· Compare the heat flux threshold curves for the 13-minute and 70-minute block valve closure times and separation distances.xxvi
· Determine the potentially severe damage radius for a heat flux of 40.0 kW/m2
(12,700 Btu/hr ft2), the potentially moderate damage radius for a heat flux
of 31.5 kW/m2 (10,000 Btu/hr ft2) and an exposure duration of 15 minutes,
and the potentially minor damage radius for a heat flux of 15.8 kW/m2
(5,000 Btu/hr ft2) and an exposure duration of 30 minutes.
· Use these radii to compute areas of avoided moderate and minor damage.
· Quantify avoided fire damage to buildings and property based on these areas.
· Determine the benefit in terms of avoided fire damage.
Source:
Shutoff Valves on Hazardous Liquids and Natural Gas Pipelines with Respect
to Public and Environmental Safety Oct 2013
No comments:
Post a Comment